Welcome to Kit Juckes's Market Commentary blog. This page is updated regularly to cover events impacting the global financial and currency markets.

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Markets remain quiet. The US S&P index popped its head above the 1,150 level last night but a 1,150.24 close hardly decides the battle. The euro is on a bit of a charge this morning as the ‘risk on’ trade undermines the US dollar and market interest rates are generally moving higher. There is talk of a Chinese rate hike happening soon (raising the 1-year deposit rate from 2.25% to 2.52%) and talk of easier policy in Japan at next week’s BoJ meeting. The main economic indicator to be released today will be US February retail sales, though it will be very hard to interpret the data. The employment report tells us that 1 million people missed work during the month as a result of the bad weather. Did they sit at home buying things from Amazon, struggle to the local mall or go tobogganing with the children? The risk is that we see retail sales fall but the market risk is that we are priced for soft data and any reason to see signs of underlying strength will elicit a reaction. In the UK, the John Lewis sales data were released, booming as ever (click here), the latest polls show the Conservative lead at just 3% in the Sun, but at 13% in an Angus Reid poll for ‘Political betting’ (click here). The pound has benefited form the Angus Reid poll, if only because we are now priced for a hung parliament.

The US flow of funds data for the fourth quarter were released last night. They make dry reading but for those who want to, click here. There are a couple of interesting points: the first is that despite a sixth consecutive quarterly decline in household debt and a third decline in corporate debt levels, overall US non-financial debt levels are still going up – thanks to very strong borrowing by the public sector. Overall, non-financial debt has reached an eye-popping $34.7 trillion. Public sector debt has reached $10.2 trillion. The other interesting fact (to me, anyway) is that corporate profits have gone back above their peak levels. You might have thought that the worst recession in a lifetime would have given corporate profits a really big squeeze but that isn’t what has happened. The share of profits in GDP is going up again. Low labour costs, massive labour force reduction, a cut in investment spending and low rates are all working their magic. I’m not sure this would get much approval from social economists who probably conclude the free market is failing, but it does encourage me in a view that a weak recovery combined with super-easy money can be very good for asset markets in general including equities.

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Financial markets are finely poised. Equity bears hope/fear that the 1,150 area in the US S&P index is a ‘double-top’, with failure to break it followed by a major correction. Bulls are hoping for a break to the upside. And the close last night was at 1,145. Bond markets are range-bound with policy rates on hold across the G7 economies and soft growth and inflation balancing increased supply. And currency markets, which are correlating incredibly well with interest rates, are looking for a catalyst for their next move. Meanwhile, the non-G7 currencies and markets in general are thriving from the easy G7 policies and the transfer of economic power and wealth from the old emerged economies to the newly dominant ones. My bets, unchanged of late, are that equities break out to the upside, that G7 currencies fall further against the rest but the euro is the weakest of the G7. And bond yields are in a range until growth gets some traction when they will move higher. That will not happen imminently, but is likely to happen in the UK (in yields as opposed to policy rates) before it happens elsewhere.

There is a limited economic calendar today. The Bank of England releases its inflation attitudes survey, the US releases trade data for January and the ECB releases its monthly report. None of these will move markets on their own. The one piece of major data that comes out, however, is the US flow of funds report this evening. This will give us an update on the trends in US debt and bank lending. Until last year, it simply amazed, as the US bank lending’s share of GDP rose inexorably higher as the total debt level of the US consumer and business sectors reached ever higher levels. The total lending of US commercial banks went from a little over $2trillion in 1994 to over $7trillion at the end of 2008. It’s now gone into reverse, though that is mirrored by a move in the opposite direction in public sector borrowing.

The implications of the surge in public sector debt on the one hand and the downshift in private sector borrowing on the other will be the dominant economic forces within the major economies for the next several years. At a global level, they help drive the biggest theme of all which is global economic re-balancing. We are going to have to sell our debts to investors overseas and have a huge incentive to devalue those debts by allowing/encouraging our currencies to fall. The alternatives for us are either massive fiscal restraint and economic pain or domestic inflation, and I cannot see how that is generated in the absence of any real wage growth.

I was reading a report yesterday, written a year ago by the Bank Credit Analyst (BCA), about the ‘final inning’ of the debt super-cycle. The BCA invented the term ‘debt super-cycle’ and it captures neatly the way the US has responded to recent recessions by cutting real rates and creating growth with the help of even more debt. Here’s a quote from the report: ‘At some point, investors will probably rebel against what they see as unsustainable and dangerous monetary and fiscal stances. Whether it is fears of dramatically higher inflation and/or a collapsing dollar, risk premia on US assets could soar dramatically. Rioting markets will force policymakers into a drastic tightening, sending an already weak economy into a tailspin’. Having accurately predicted the credit crunch and the monetary and fiscal response, the BCA predicted a market reaction which hasn’t happened (in the US, anyway). The fear that quantitative easing and fiscal largesse would scare markets to the point of causing a crisis has not materialised, in large part because it has not caused inflationary pressures to build – yet. The ‘bond vigilantes’ haven’t done their job. The assumption that the debt super-cycle is now coming to an end as we all retrench in the wake of the credit crisis may not be true. Personally, I suspect that with rates even lower and with banks under the control of governments, there may be another leg to this super-cycle as public sector debt explodes. In other words, there is another down leg to the economic cycle, but it may be years rather than months away.

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Three countries have released trade data in the last twenty-four hours – the UK, Germany and China. The US releases trade data tomorrow. The underlying story is incredibly simple: falling exports in Germany and the UK, and booming exports in China. UK exports fell 2% in the year to January. German exports are up a mere 2.4% in the year to January and down 6.3% on the month. Meanwhile in China, exports grew 42.5%. I cannot think of a simpler or starker indication of how fast the centre of global economic gravity is shifting away from the G7 economies and to the new growth centres than this. And it makes me even more depressed about the outlook. Here’s another statistic: a base case assumption, on current trajectories, of public sector debt levels in 10 years’ time (collated by Deutsche Bank) comes out at 133% GDP for the developed economies (us) and a mere 35% GDP for the emerging economies (them).

At a practical level, the markets’ response to the most recent data is to sell the euro and the pound and to speculate further on Chinese monetary tightening. Some of the initial reaction may be a little overdone because the trade data’s softness is probably weather-related (food exports fell, for example, presumably because farms were blanketed in snow, while imports were less affected since by definition they come from somewhere else!). But the underlying trends are stark and are here to stay. The principle hope for global economic recovery lies in the prospect of the emerging economy boom continuing on the back of G7 easy money, while the G7 economies stabilise and grow slowly as our banking systems are brought back to life. This will continue to support currencies in resource-rich economies which export to the resource-hungry fast-growing economies in Latin America and Asia. And despite some recent loss of momentum, I expect this to go on supporting commodity prices, particularly denominated in G5 currency terms (i.e., in dollars, euros, yen or sterling).  

Other than the shock from the trade numbers, it has been a quiet week for news. Gordon Brown is speaking as I write and has reminded us that he has taken tough decisions four times so far (10 minutes into his speech). He has announced that the Budget will be in two weeks time, on 24th March, which is generally perceived as implying a 6th May election date. How having a budget that close to an election at a time when there is no room for fiscal largesse can be good for the Labour party’s chances of winning the election escapes me. At least the timetable is getting clearer, however, and the massive cloud of uncertainty over the UK will lift before too long. We will also get UK industrial output data for January in a while. I will update on that tomorrow. In the US, dovish speeches from central bank governors yesterday helped the equity market continue to probe to the upside and the S&P 1,150 level is clearly proving to be a magnet. I still expect it to be broken and for that to be followed by something of an acceleration higher. In currencies, G7 currency weakness relative to non-G7 currencies should continue. EURUSD appears set to break lower before too long, but at the moment it’s just about holding above 1.35. Sterling competes for now with the euro as the most unattractive of the major currencies. It’s a close-run contest, though I think sterling is less ugly than the euro on any timeframe that gets past the election.

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A quiet post-payroll Monday was notable for the lack of follow-through by the US interest rate market (yields dipped back slightly for no discernible reason), and by sterling traded pathetically and everyone is trying to explain it this morning. Equity indices hardly moved and most of the commentary has been about how low the volumes were. The bigger question this morning is whether the softness of bond yields, on the trading day following a strong US employment report, has any significance. An article was posted on the FT’s website yesterday evening that asked whether shorting US Treasuries could be a mistake (click here) which reflects the uncertainty people are beginning to feel on this subject.

US ‘official’ interest rates are highly unlikely to go up this year. Inflation remains less of a near-term threat than deflation, so it should not be surprising that bond yields are not very high. The opposite side of that coin is that there is huge supply that needs to be bought by someone and might be seen as likely to send yields higher, while the policies of the US – currency debasement and massive monetary stimulus – might make at least some people worry about inflationary risks in the long term.

I’ve taken a pretty simple approach to looking at Treasury yields. There is an inverse historical relationship between the Fed Funds rate (short-term official rates) and the slope of the yield curve. In other words, the lower the level of Fed Funds, the steeper the curve and the wider the gap between overnight and term money rates. That is pretty intuitive. And so, the US yield curve is now steeper than it was in the past because the Fed Funds rate is at an all-time low. Homing in on the front end of the curve, the gap between Fed Funds and 2-year yields, during those periods when Fed Funds are at a cyclical trough, has ranged (over the last 25 years) between 180bp and 30bp. That 30bp spread was seen back when rates troughed at 6% in 1986 and at 4.75% in late 1998 after the Russian default and LTCM crisis. Intuitively, the lower the trough in rates, the wider the gap might be expected to be. On that basis the current 60bp difference between 2-year yields and Fed Funds is already extremely tight and reflects the belief that rates are down here for a long time. Currently, it seems to me therefore that yields in the US remain range-bound. I can’t see how the 2-year rate can really close in much further than it already has on the Fed Funds rate but, with 2-10s at a record level of steepness, I can’t see long-dated yields rising much from here. So both the level and slope of the curve appear range-bound and unduly sensitive to the gyrations of the monthly economic data. This week there is a heavy calendar of Treasury supply ($40bn of 3-year notes today) but no more major economic releases until Friday’s retail sales figures. I still expect on balance some modest upward pressure on yields. And that, in turn, means I expect to continue to see the US dollar maintain its current uptrend.

Meanwhile, I expect the equity market to go on slowly squeezing the most committed bears who are looking at the previous peak in the S&P index (at 1,150) as a potential ‘double top’ from where Armageddon is unleashed. This level could see a lot of nervousness form both bears and bulls but ultimately, with rates going nowhere, the weight of money looking for better returns will probably see a further move higher.

The UK has seen a series of secondary economic releases overnight and this morning as well as more opinion polls. The latest poll results (click here) still point to a hung parliament. The RICS survey still shows a majority of surveyors reporting higher house prices but a significantly lower majority. The BRC retail sales monitor (click here) by contrast reported upbeat sales but was awash with caveats. And the trade data for February were awful (there really isn’t another word for it, the deficit widening to £8bn as exports fell). Sterling remains close to last week’s lows.

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It is possible to scoff at the importance that markets place on the first major economic release of each month – the US employment report – but it is not usually wise to ignore it. Last Friday saw the release of February’s jobs report which appeared to indicate that the underlying improvement in the US jobs market continues. ‘Appeared to indicate’ because the data were heavily distorted by a blizzard during the survey week. Nonetheless, employment fell by ‘only’ 36,000 and the unemployment rate remained at 9.7%. Adjusting for the fact that a million people missed work as a result of the weather (compared to a seasonal norm of 290,000) it would seem things are getting better.

On 4th December, prior to the release of the November US jobs report, EURUSD was trading just under 1.51, very close to its high for the year. A strong report set the scene for a decline to 1.43 before the release of the next month’s data. On 8th January, however, the data were slightly weak and EURUSD moved back up until fears about Greece took over. Last month, the data were inconclusive but I think Friday’s data could have the same kind of effect as the report in early December – sending US bond yields modestly higher, the dollar up, and continuing to support the positive tone in equity markets. This ought to be the dominant theme in the month, once the focus shifts away from Greece’s fiscal woes.

People are forced to pay attention to every piece of significant economic news because the debate about whether the economic recovery is anaemic or in outright danger of being reversed continues to rage so fiercely. My colours are firmly tied to the ‘anaemic but not double-dip’ mast, and these data support that view. Once the weather stops distorting the data we should see a string of positive payroll reports. And for now that will be good for the US dollar. As an aside, here is a very interesting paper for monetary policy geeks (and a very boring one for anyone else, so feel free to ignore it!) looking at US monetary conditions from a variety of angles and concluding that they remain, at this point, slightly restrictive (click here). It is the kind of paper which brings home the risk that policy rates stay at current levels for a very long time.

In the UK we have seen more opinion polls which, while they suggest that the most recent trend is for the Conservatives to be moving ahead again, a hung Parliament is still the most likely outcome. A BPIX poll in the Mail, however, suggests Conservatives are doing better in marginal seats, something every ‘expert’ keeps on telling me. Here is a link to the UKPollingReport website which tracks the polls (click here). My view is still that many people will simply not vote, that the polls probably understate the eventual swing away from Labour, and that what really matters is how the economy comes out from recession. Meanwhile, frustration at that the Chancellor’s reluctance to detail his deficit-cutting plans is growing (click here) and I wonder if all this means the Prime Minister will now be tempted to call the election in April, rather than risk a reversal in the poll trend. There is not a lot of economic data to wait for in the UK this week, though the strong PMI data at the start of last week may translate into solid gains for industrial production (released on Thursday). And the weekend saw the John Lewis sales data release (click here) which suggests less awful weather is getting people back into the shops.

There isn’t really any new news on Greece. Their austerity package has been proposed and just needs to be enacted. The rest of Europe is trying to rally round. The next test will come as they raise more money in the bond market through the next couple of months. Greek CDS spreads have probably peaked but, as with an earthquake, strong aftershocks are to be expected. And the legacy – increased urgency to tackle Europe’s fiscal deficits – does mean that the ECB is on hold and if I had to own government bonds, German Bunds would remain my investment of choice.

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It is a painfully quiet day for financial markets ahead of the US employment report this afternoon. Yesterday saw the ECB and MPC do absolutely nothing with policy which has prompted very little reaction. Equity markets are closing in on their best levels of the year and therefore their best levels since the back end of 2008 when they were collapsing as the credit crisis gathered strength. There is going to be a furious debate in the coming weeks about whether this means the bear market is behind us, or whether the next leg is just about to begin. Robert Prechter of Elliott Wave International captures the bearish argument really well from a technical perspective when he says he expects an ‘echo’ of the early January peak to be seen before we set off on the next downleg, with a sharp fall in equities and further significant gains for the dollar.

I have never really been a fan of people who base analysis on chart patterns, but Prechter has a good track record and a huge following. The ‘fundamental’ arguments for this move to run out of steam are well known. A temporary reprieve for the global economy has been achieved courtesy of massive fiscal easing; and asset markets have magnified the effect in equity and other prices as a result of the central banks’ monetary reflation. But if you believe the global economy will run out of steam as easy fiscal policies are replaced by retrenchment, and if you think that pumping more and more money into the financial system is like pushing on a piece of string and won’t have much more impact, then it is easy to side with the bears.

The reasons to expect an anaemic economic recovery are too powerful to argue with. The debate is about what ‘anaemic’ means in a world where a typical rebound is much stronger than what we are seeing now or than any forecast I have seen anticipates. That is to say, the UK managing a growth rate averaging a little above 2% in 2010/2011 would be very weak indeed relative to the past, but pretty respectable relative to what is being talked about in City pubs. My expectation for now is that, with central bankers still keeping a very dovish bias to policy – rates nailed to the floor and only tip-toeing away from further policy measures, those of a bearish disposition are going to be made to sweat. So Mr. Prechter’s ‘echo’ of the previous high could well be replaced by a break, taking the FTSE back through 6,000 and grinding on higher as investors are dragged reluctantly back in.

As for today. So far, protests against Greek austerity seem quite modest but I still don’t like the euro and still expect tightening fiscal policy in Europe to be very hard work. In Canada, a very ambitious plan to eradicate the deficit over the next five years was announced yesterday. Canada has a minority government so this is an interesting test-case for the rest of us to watch, and if their government can gain support from its coalition partners, the Canadian dollar may well be the pick of the G7 currencies in the second quarter of 2010. There is fresh talk of pressure on the Bank of Japan to ease monetary policy further, and more resistance in China to a renminbi revaluation. As for the US payroll data, estimates look for the blizzard that hit the US during the survey week to reduce employment by 100,000-125,000. Excluding that, the underlying trend is for 50,000 jobs to be added so the consensus looks for a fall in employment of 50,000-75,000. But there is massive uncertainty about the actual extent of the impact from the weather. I suspect that a ‘strong’ figure will elicit a bigger reaction, if only because we won’t be able to blame that on the weather. But if markets were ‘sensible’ they would ignore this release completely. There is, of course, no chance of that happening.

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The Bloomberg news agency surveyed 45 UK economists for their views on the MPC policy decision today and 52 for the ECB rate decision. In neither survey was there a single dissenter from the consensus view that the UK will leave rates at 0.5% with the asset purchase programme at £200bn, while the ECB leaves rates at 1%. Today’s meetings ought to be non-events, but I can’t get rid of the butterflies in my stomach!

In the UK, stronger economic survey data are one factor behind a 10bp jump in 5-year interest rates this week, a move which looks like a reversal of some kind. If we do get through the M PC meeting without any surprises, the pound will likely rally and Gilt yields will probably edge somewhat higher. I expect (like everyone else) no change and the shortest policy statement the MPC can come up with. There is no doubt, however, that the MPC faces a simple choice – do nothing or increase the size of the asset purchase programme to, say, £225bn. That would undermine the currency and boost the Gilt market. It may be unlikely, but it clearly is not impossible. I don’t like days with binary outcomes like this and will update you tomorrow. Whatever happens, however, I think today’s decision does have the capacity to establish the trend for the next few weeks.

The ECB meeting’s focus comes in the press conference at 13:30 GMT when Jean-Claude Trichet will be quizzed about Greece and about the pace of removal of exceptional policy measures. There really is no chance of a move in the official policy rate. The ECB council is a consensus-seeking group of 22 people from 16 different countries in Europe which, to my mind, makes it about as nimble as an oil tanker. So while the ECB may eventually have to accept that the Greek debacle affects the pace at which exceptional policy measures can be reversed, I don’t expect any such announcement to come today. Instead, the ECB may sound slightly hawkish relative to expectations. Will that continue to help the euro recover some lost ground? I have been looking for a bounce this week and EURUSD reached 1.3740 last night. I am inclined to think that may be all we get. With a banner heading in the FT reading ‘Greece prepared to seek IMF aid’ it may be that all the good news on Greece is now ‘in’ (click here). And tomorrow’s civil service union strike appears to be spreading, so there will be plenty of adverse headlines.

The US sees a range of second-division news today ahead of the payroll report tomorrow. Fed policy is helping to drive emerging market assets higher but a strong yen is causing concern for Japanese stocks and there is a lot of talk of a further rate hike in China which is causing some jitters. These are minor road-bumps in the way of the move to higher equity and commodity prices but I don’t think they will alter the trend, unless tomorrow’s data provide a major surprise.

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I went to Geneva yesterday, partly (though not only) to check that Starbucks still charge more than twice as much for a tall latte in Switzerland as they do in London. The weather was wonderful, the people charming and the town was very quiet. People continue to report improving global economic conditions but they remain very wary about how long that can last – with worries about unemployment and bank lending still right at the forefront of those concerns.

Greece remains the ‘story du jour’. Prime Minister George Papandreou announced an additional €4.8bn in deficit cuts including higher taxes on tobacco and alcohol, as well as cutting civil servants’ holiday pay. The credit market has responded by taking the cost of protection against Greek default down and a few people have sent me charts that suggest Greek CDS tightening correlates with the EURUSD rate rising. Since the FT reports this morning that hedge funds have been increasing their bets against the euro (click here), the case for thinking a euro recovery (temporary or otherwise) might be on the cards is pretty clear. So far that hasn’t been seen to any great degree.

I still think there is a short-term risk of a euro bounce. Less fear surrounding Greece translates to increased risk appetite, higher equity prices and (usually) a weaker dollar. Concern about a soft employment report on Friday (weather-related or not) can cap US yields, while the ECB is unlikely to adopt a more dovish tone at tomorrow’s policy meeting (it’s just not their style). However, once the European fiscal genie has been let out of the bottle, it can’t really be put back in. Greek default can be avoided but the ECB has gone from the front of the queue to raise rates to the back. And both the need to address European deficits and the challenges that doing so will pose are exposed. In Europe everywhere, as in Greece, it is not the ability of governments to propose public sector pay restraint which is the problem – it is their inability to consistently pass those policies into law. And what that means, is that the euro is no longer in a position to benefit from periods of dollar weakness – which is how the world looks today, with USDJPY lower and most emerging market currencies trending higher.

If you take the euro out of the equation, what we are seeing at the moment is a combination of low rates and improving (underlying) economic conditions. Even in the UK – nobody’s favourite economy – this morning’s list of data includes a bounce in consumer confidence to 80 from 73, and in the PMI services index to 58.4 from 54.5. But at 2.95%, 5-year sterling swap rates are barely above their lows for the last year – and the debate about whether more Bank of England asset purchases are needed will rage on.

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The headlines are dominated by the assault on GBP which I wrote about as it happened yesterday (click here). Sterling fell very sharply from 10am until noon and hasn't moved that much since. A single, large sell order triggered the move and played to fears about politics and the difficulty of getting to grips with the budget deficit.

I'm not sure that yesterday's move is the start of a crisis – the 'crisis' may be nearer its end than its start. However, there are no obvious catalysts for a rebound and consolidation is more likely than bounce. Gilt yields though look set to rise further from here.

Outside the UK, manufacturing data everywhere remained reasonably positive, even if China's purchasing manager's survey fell back. And in the US, January consumption data were surprisingly robust. Overnight, the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) raised rates by 25bp to 4%.

Notwithstanding the general anxiety that is felt about the sustainability of economic recovery, reflation remains the backdrop for markets. First quarter growth data will be affected by weather in Europe and the US but are still indicating growth. Central banks are keeping rates anchored and only timidly winding down alternative policy measures. The Greek financial crisis is not getting better but Europe's banks are rallying round.

For much of last year the driver of currency trends was a combination of low rates and renewed risk appetite which saw the dollar weaken as the 'carry trade' came back and money flowed to higher yielding assets. The last three months have seen a new trend dominate as European currencies (including sterling) have suffered from the fall-out of Greece's crisis.

I expect the Greek crisis to abate but not to go away. On that basis, a correction in European currencies' weakness is likely but a turn is not. Near-term though, if fears about Europe do lessen the world we will return to will be the one we saw for much of last year – with a slightly weaker dollar, stronger high-yielding currencies, slowly rallying equity markets and probably higher government bond yields.

Today sees limited data, so sentiment will drive markets. I expect the Bank of Canada to remain dovish in obvious contrast with the RBA overnight.

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If there is a silver lining to the annihilation of the pound, it comes in the form of the continued return to health of the UK’s manufacturing industry. The purchasing managers’ index of manufacturing business sentiment came in at a slightly stronger-than-expected 56.6 in February, providing further encouraging signs that this sector at any rate continues to recover. As the Times puts it, ‘Industry grows at strongest rate in 14 years’ (click here). This points to further solid gains in industrial production ahead. The collapse of confidence in sterling is shocking against this backdrop. On a morning with limited news (the fact that there were few mortgage approvals in the midst of snowstorms means nothing to me), the sense that ‘the UK is the next sovereign debt domino to fall’ has increased. Opinion polls showing that the chances of a hung parliament continue to grow (click here) and negative weekend press (click here) don’t help. I’ve written before that I don’t agree with the view that the UK is going to collapse under the weight of its debt, nor do I think the economy is going to be mired in recession longer than its neighbours. The data continues to suggest that recovery is underway and that the UK will outgrow the European Union in 2010 and 2011. This will fuel a GBP recovery in due course – but for now, sentiment is at rock bottom and markets are incredibly volatile. The markets need either clear and credible plans to reduce the budget deficit or signs that the deficit is not growing as fast as feared. The next public finance data are not due for over two weeks. Between now and then (and potentially beyond) fear will rule.

Outside the UK, the main focus this week will be on the US payroll report and on efforts to find help for Greece in its funding crisis. The US data is going to be a bit of a dampener on confidence because weekly jobless claims have been trending higher in recent weeks. That may well say more about the weather than the underlying strength of the economy but, since everyone is still terrified of a drift back into recession, the data risk playing to those fears. The consensus looks for a 50,000 fall in employment in February. Before that we get January personal income and spending data today (look for small increases) and the February manufacturing business confidence index from the ISM. That is forecast to be marginally softer at a still-robust 58.0. This is consistent with on-going economic recovery and could provide some more support for the equity market where a fresh rash of M&A deals is breaking out (The Pru buying AIG’s Asian business and Coke buying its US bottlers, amongst others). It’s a case of two steps forward and one step back for the S&P index but I remain convinced that monetary reflation is the principal tool in policy-makers’ locker and that this will underpin equity indices.

I think some near-term help for Greece will be forthcoming. There is too much at stake for the European banking system so for Greece to get a bond away should be possible. Deutsche Bank CEO Josef Ackermann met Greek Prime Minister George Papandreou at the end of last week and I am sure there will be more conversations between both government and banking officials. This will not prevent either further credit downgrades in Greece or concerns about how to tighten fiscal policy sufficiently across Europe. In the longer term, the legacy of this fiscal crisis in Greece is that the ECB will be hamstrung – unable to tighten policy however hawkish some members feel. But in the near term, balance of risk has shifted and some positive news flow is likely. The euro is softer today and is on a longer-term downtrend, but I think it is due a bounce.

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